Essay On Reincarnation - 726 Words

19 This has happened before; this feeling, this experience, this thought. The dà ©jà  -vu that just occurred could have actually derived from a past-life memory. â€Å"Dà ©jà  -vu experiences are anomalies that have been defined as...spontaneous past life experiences† (Haraldsson). Reincarnation is the idea that your soul can be born in a new body after the death of a previous one. This concept originated in ancient cultures of India, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, but it still appears today. Thousands of cases of reincarnation have been recorded all over the world in both religious and non-religious societies. Psychiatrists are searching for ways to explain the vivid memories of another life that children describe. Although it is difficult to†¦show more content†¦She depicts a memory of being pushed into a river by her brother and drowning (Bering). These memories of brutal endings of a past life provide evidence for the idea that one may be reborn in a new body. Along with the frequent pattern of violent deaths within past life memories, the age of these cases is repeatedly somewhere between the ages of two and six. Memories of past lives more frequently appear in adolescents than adults; often the child’s reincarnation stories fade away with age. The amount of cases of reincarnation reported decrease in adults. Many â€Å"skeptics of reincarnation cases often allege that parents shape their children’s behavior† (Matlock). It is difficult to know what goes on inside a child’s mind and whether or not they are making up these stories to seek attention. There are many things that these children just couldn’t know without living that life before. Additionally, professor of psychology at the University of Iceland- Erlendur Haraldsson- believes that children commonly allege that their current parents are not their real parents (Haraldsson). Providing more verification for the relation of age to reincarnation, Stevenson notices that â€Å"there is only a brief window of time- between the ages of two and five- in which children retain these reminiscences† (Beri ng). Not only does age correspond with reincarnation, but there is also physical and mental evidence. Children who recall past life experiences poses behavioral issuesShow MoreRelatedEssay On Reincarnation875 Words   |  4 Pages30, 2017 Reincarnation Number of Words: 875 Life after death is a concept that has been around for many centuries. Many philosophers came to the idea that there had to be something after our life ends. For some, they believe in the afterlife. Another concept is that of reincarnation. Reincarnation is the believe that once the physical body dies, the soul is then reborn as a different being. Some religious teachings are actually said to have skewed some of the details about reincarnation. ReincarnationRead More Reincarnation Essay4255 Words   |  18 PagesReincarnation Although reincarnation is not a scientifically proven fact, its existence cannot be disproved either. Reincarnation is central to Buddhist philosophy. Without the existence of reincarnation, among other things, the law of karma would not hold, thus throwing into question almost all other tenets of Buddhism (Tibetan or otherwise). At the same time, Buddhism is a religion that asks practitioners to examine each of its beliefs closely before accepting them. Of all other world religionsRead More Reincarnation Essay3486 Words   |  14 PagesReincarnation I suppose in the world, today, there are really three approaches to the idea of reincarnation. A two-fold one in the West, where the idea itself is almost non-existent, either a belief in the transmigration of souls - that you could be a human being in one life and an animal in the next, and therefore that there is great danger in swiping flies and treading on ants because it could be your grandmother -- or simply an interest in past lives. That is almost the soleRead More Karma and Reincarnation Essay4828 Words   |  20 PagesKarma and Reincarnation In the western world, a dominant belief is that after life, a person’s soul is sent to a place of eternal bliss, heaven, or a place of eternal damnation, hell. To Buddhists, this concept is not the norm. Buddhists believe that a person is reincarnated into another life form, either human or animal. What life form a person is reincarnated as is determined by the person’s karma. The concept of karma not only affects reincarnation, but also what path a person’sRead MoreReincarnation - Buddhism vs. Hinduism Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesReincarnation- Buddhism vs. Hinduism How would it feel to know that after you died, you would be reborn into a new body? That the deciding factor in what you would become was how you lived your life? Beliefs like these have existed for at least 3,000 years. Originating and commonly practiced in Western countries, this is called reincarnation. To know that you have lived many lives before this one and that there are many more to come is a very attractive perspective from which to judge the meaningRead MoreWas Jesus the Reincarnation of Adam? Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagesthe trouble the Adam caused 3. Jesus was Gods way of trying again since Adam didn’t work out. Adam brought sin death into the world. Jesus brought eternal life and took away sin from the world 2. Writer Kevin Williams believes that Jesus was a reincarnation of Adam to make good of the evil that he created through his sin 6. I also believe that Jesus was created to right Adam sins. Adam brought struggle and pain to all mankind through his sins co ndemning us all, and God put Jesus on earth to free usRead MoreSyncretism, By Anita Maria Leopold919 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Syncretism† Summary In this essay on â€Å"Syncretism† Anita Maria Leopold gives an overview on syncretism which is the blending or melding of different religious traditions (695). Anita focuses on the history of syncretism and the problems which occurred such as theologians being accused of wrongly performing syncretism, she focused on the definition of syncretism and anti-syncretism and lastly the study of transforming religion into three leveled categories social, semiotic and cognitive. SyncretismRead MoreLife after Death, Reincarnation, Resurrection and Immortality of the Soul1735 Words   |  7 PagesLife after Death, Reincarnation, Resurrection and Immortality of the Soul Belief in life after death has taken many forms, some which are unique in particular religious belief systems, though; others can be found in more than one religion. For most religions, life after death is an article of faith. In Western religions, the belief is founded in scriptural evidence, but for all religions the belief in life after death is the same: life after death has been promised toRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Essay674 Words   |  3 PagesPatterns of Interaction, 2005) Hinduism has been made up of so many different cultures and beliefs that unlike Christianity and Islam it is unable to be traced back. Hindus believe in karma and reincarnation. Karma is good and bad things that a person does and they follow them through each reincarnation. Reincarnation is the rebirth of a soul or spirit which follows after death into a new body and begins another life. The three major Hindu gods were Vishnu the protector, Brahma the creator, and Shiva theRead MoreThe Moment ( Kubler Ross 25 )1454 Words   |  6 Pagessome sort of afterlife whether it be a place or transportation of the soul. Reincarnation is a very common belief by most humans. This is a Buddhist and Hindu belief of the afterlife. Reincarnation is the belief that souls within every living organism never die, applying to plants, animals, and people. Reincarnation is all based on karma. Karma s law included in the belief that determines someone’s life. In reincarnation, if one has good karma, one ascends to a higher spiritual being like going from

Analysis Of The Book Invisible Man - 1671 Words

AP Quote of the Book Project Invisible Man â€Å"I was naà ¯ve...I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which only I could answer.† (prologue)- The invisible man is referring to his self-discovery in this quote. He was â€Å"looking for† himself and was adopting all the white culture traits and ignoring his own, leaving behind someone that was not himself. He discovers that he is the only one who could determine who he is and what defines him. â€Å"I was pulled this way and that for longer than I can remember. And my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone s way but my own. I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself. So after years of trying to adopt the opinions of others I finally rebelled. I am an invisible man.† (1:15)- In this quote the narrator refers to the pressure to become the ideal image of a black in his society. He states that he has â€Å"finally rebelled† by owning his own way and honoring only his opinions. The narrator feels discriminated against because he is black and calls himself the â€Å"invisible man† referring to the white community’s ignorance towards blacks. â€Å"I see the bronze statue of the college Founder, the cold Father symbol, his hands outstretched in the breathtaking gesture of lifting a veil that flutters in hard, metallic folds above the face of a kneeling slave; and I am standing puzzled, unable to decide whether the veil is really being lifted, or loweredShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Invisible Man 2020 Words   |  9 PagesMarthaline Cooper Dr. Adams English 312 25 November 2014 The lack of Blackness in White America Ellison’s novel The Invisible Man, published in the early 1950’s addresses the issue of a black man in white America. The narrator starts off by explaining his invisibility and the benefits of being invisible. He talks about how he himself is not invisible because of some biological screw up within his own DNA, but because he is surrounded by people who walk around blinded by his blackness. He growsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Invisible Man By Ralph Ellison834 Words   |  4 PagesSierra Freudenberg Mrs. Caluya-1 AP English Literature 14 September 2014 Nothing is Simply Black and White The novel Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison is the story of a black man s struggle to live in a society dominated by whites. The colors black and white are contrasted many times throughout the novel. There are three contrasts in particular that stand out to the reader as representative of the narrator s struggles. This repeated contrast serves to remind the reader of the novel s theme of theRead MoreNeverwhere: Book Analysis1304 Words   |  6 PagesENGLISH IV BOOK ANALYSIS NEVERWHERE â€Å"Fall into the shadows, discover a world unknown, Journey through London bellow, be Neverwhere.† Introduction: A psychoanalytical approach to a world behind a world, invisible to the naked eye, existing because of magic, danger and fantasy, Neverwhere. The psychoanalytical theory can be used as a way to explain the change of heart of Richard Mayhew when he had been introduced to the underground world he thought never existed. A man after movingRead MoreComparative Analysis Of The School Days Of An Indian Girl1235 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Analysis When reading The School Days of an Indian Girl by Zitkala-sa, it shows us a view of ethnic identity. By telling us how a little girl is in a home, away from her mother, while learning how to adapt to the new culture she’s in. In Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, it shows us a different view of a man in another form of an ethnic identity. It shows us that the man is seen as a different person then who he really is, instead of a black man who isn’t seen as what he actually is. InRead MoreInvisible Man1629 Words   |  7 PagesAmanda Trujillo Gianunzio English 1B 24 October 2017 Invisible Man: Impact of Invisibility and Blindness on Individual identity The themes of blindness and invisibility are evident throughout the novel. The society is blind to the behavior and characteristics of the narrator. The narrator makes himself invisible since he knows the society already sees him as an unimportant individual. The aspect of invisibility is evident throughout the novel including his aim of impressing the white, his innocenceRead MoreEssay Banksy Was Here: The Invisible Man of Graffiti Art1195 Words   |  5 PagesIn the article â€Å"Banksy Was Here: The Invisible Man of Graffiti Art† from The New Yorker published in 2007, author Lauren Collins informs individuals of the secretive controversies of Banksy’s artwork. Collins introduces Banksy’s street art and presents his anonymity. She also informs the audience of Banksy’s overall attitude and the typical materials used for his street artwork. Banksy is explained to be a controversial street artist who hides in the shadows in order to avoid the consequences ofRead MoreInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man, the narrator is a young, African-American male who believes that he is invisible. Throughout the novel, he spends a great amount of time and effort trying to figure out his identity and find a way to make himself visible in society. One of the narrator’s main attempts brings him to join an organization known as the Brotherhood, where he is able to utilize his talent for public speaking as an advocate for the Brotherhood and allRead MoreWealth of Nations1626 Words   |  7 PagesNations†, was a Scottish moral philosopher during the Industrial Revolution who was inspired by his surroundings to write about the field of economics. Being a man of intellect on various types of philosophical views, Smith was able to portray his passionate feelings about political thought through his well-written works. While publishing his book, S mith became known as the â€Å"father of modern economics†. He was given this honorary title due to his strong determination of trying to understand how humanRead MoreUsing Psychoanalysis to Understand Human Behavior Essay4081 Words   |  17 PagesIn fact, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan wrote, If psycho-analysis is to be constituted as the science of the unconscious, one must set out from the notion that the unconscious is structured like a language,(1) thus directly relating literature – the art of language - and psychoanalysis. Searching the database of the Modern Language Association for articles about the use of psychoanalysis for understanding Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man yields one article by Caffilene Allen, of Georgia State UniversityRead MoreThe Egyptian Book Of The Dead Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Egyptian Book of the Dead was used primarily from the establishment of the New Kingdom in 1550 BCE to 50 BCE. It consisted of the collection of t exts and spells designed to assist the deceased in their journey to the next world. The book of the dead was part of a custom of memorial texts that consisted of the past Coffin Texts and the Pyramid Texts that were decorated on objects. Spells were drained from the past works and other Egyptian history courting to Third Intermediate Period (Budge, 2012:21)

Work Motivation Free Essays

string(245) " high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and \(d\) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures\." Work Motivation Theory and Research at The Dawn Of The Twenty-First Century Based on this journal, the writers examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person environment fit. They focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. The writers reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Miner (2003) concluded that motivation continues to hold a significant position in the eyes of scholars. Miner’s conclusion is based on a comparison with other middle range theories of organizational behavior (OB). The question remains on an absolute standard, motivation theory and research have fared well over the last quarter of a century. In answering this question, we provide a definition of the construct and an assessment of how the field of motivation in the workplace has evolved and progressed since the year in which the last chapter devoted exclusively to this topic appeared in the Annual Review of Psychology (ARP). We selectively review theory and research, emphasizing work published in the past decade, 1993–2003, with special emphasis given to research on contextual effects and mediating mechanisms. Work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behavior and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Pinder 1998). where motivation is a process resulting from the interaction between the individual and the environment. However, because of space limitations, the writers just focus on national culture, job design characteristics, and person-environment fit, omitting reviews of other exogenous sources of motivation. MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK The framework used in reviewing the literature is consistent with Locke Henne(1986). Needs is followed by a focus on (b) personal traits. An individual difference variable rooted in needs is (c) values. Because context affects the extent to which needs are met and values are fulfilled, emphasis is given to (d) national culture, (e) job design characteristics, and (f) person context fit. Needs and values affect (g) cognition, particularly goals. Cognition plays an integral role in each of these concepts. Although (h) affective reactions need not depend on cognition (Bandura 1997), the two usually are reciprocally related (Lord Kanfer 2002). Finally, affect is influenced by culture as well as by organizational norms (Lord Harvey 2002). We close with an (i) assessment of progress in the field since 1977. NEEDS Aslam et al. (2000) presented a process-based analysis of need structure and need salience derived from the social identity approach to organizational behavior. When personal identity is salient, needs to self- actualize and to enhance self esteem through personal advancement and growth become dominant. When social identity is salient, the need to enhance group based self-esteem through a sense of relatedness, respect, peer recognition, and attainment of group goals dominate. They stated that McGregor’s (1960) Theory Y assumptions apply when the supervisor and employee share the same identity; Theory X assumptions apply when they do not do so. 2 People are motivated to attain goals that are compatible with their self-identity. Needs associated with a specific group membership are internalized; they serve as a guide for behavior in a specific working context. Need-based theories explain why a person must act; they do not explain why specific actions are chosen in specific situations to obtain specific outcomes. Moreover, they do not easily account for individual differences. Hence, along with increased attention to needs, there has also been a resurgence of interest in individual differences, particularly with regard to the effects of job characteristics on employee motivation. TRAITS In summary, the importance of personality in predicting, understanding, and influencing choice, affect, and performance has been shown, as well as the importance of job characteristics (e. g. , autonomy) as a mediator/moderator. An issue identified by Locke Latham (2004) that has yet to be addressed is how general variables such as personality are applied to and are mediated by task and situationally specific variables in affecting performance, or how they are moderated by situations and affect situational structuring and choice. Locke (2001) showed that values and personality work through goals and self-efficacy to influence performance. Yet it is likely that some trait effects are direct and thus are not mediated. Research is needed on if, when, and why this occurs VALUES Values are rooted in needs and provide a principal basis for goals (Locke Henne 1986). Locke Henne (1986) argued that values are inherent in most work moti- vation theories. These theories focus on the influence of one or several particu- lar values, such as perceptions of fairness on action or on the effects of values in general (expectancy theory). CONTEXT As a result of globalization, however, values have been studied within the context of a person’s culture and job as well as person-environment fit. National Culture In an attempt to tie together needs and values, Steers Sanchez-Runde (2002) stated that national culture determines three key sets of distal sources of motivation: (a) people’s self-concept, including personal beliefs, needs, and values; (b) norms about work ethic and the nature of â€Å"achievement,† tolerance for ambiguity, locus of control, etc. ; and (c) â€Å"environmental factors†. Based on their conceptual model, the authors concluded that these distal factors influence self-efficacy beliefs, work motivation levels, and goals, as well as the nature of incentives and disincentives to perform. Building on research findings of other scholars, Leung (2001) has offered four hypotheses for further research: (a) work teams in collectivistic cultures have higher levels of unconditional benevolence and positive social identity that, in turn, lead to higher levels of in-group involvement than is the case for groups that value ndividualism; (b) productivity and performance levels are more homogenous (not necessarily higher or lower) in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures; (c) motivational strategies by superiors have more effect on subordinates in cultures with high levels of power distance than in cultures low in power distance; and (d) negative reactions from supervisors in high power-distance cultures generate more negative reactions among workers than is the case in low power-distance cultures. You read "Work Motivation" in category "Essay examples" Job Design Characteristics Gustafson Mumford (1995) reported that the ability of personality measures to predict performance as well as satisfaction increases when characteristics of a job are taken into account. Job autonomy can facilitate the time necessary for learning and development, which in turn improves job performance (Wall Jackson 1995). Cordery (1997) argued the necessity of differentiating the importance of three dimensions of job autonomy, namely (a) method control as defined by the amount of discretion one has over the way in which work is performed, (b) timing control in terms of the influence one has over scheduling of work, and (c) discretion in setting performance goals. He found four interrelated dimensions that affect job autonomy, namely the extent to which the supervisor (a) provides clear attainable goals, (b) exerts control over work activities, (c) ensures that the requisite resources are available, and (d) gives timely accurate feedback on progress toward goal attainment. PERSON CONTEXT-FIT The basic assumption underlying these models is that the relationship between person variables (such as needs or values) and both individual and organizational outcomes is contingent upon various features of the environment (such as the job, the organization, or culture). These models originated from Shaffer’s (1953). He used Murray’s (1938) needs to develop a goodness-of-fit model that takes into account individual differences in needs as well as the characteristics of jobs. Cable ; DeRue (2002), through a confirmatory factor analysis, found that employees differentiate among three varieties of fit: (a) person-environment fit (in which the focus is on organizational outcomes such as organizational identification and turnover decisions); (b) â€Å"needs-supplies† fit (in which the primary focus is on career-related outcomes such as employee satisfaction) and (c) job demands–employee abilities fit. COGNITION As Locke ; Henne (1986) observed, cognition is inherent in motivation. The sensations of pleasure and pain are informational. Based on needs, values, and the situational context, people set goals and strategize ways to attain them. Goal-Setting Theory A meta-analysis by Zetik ; Stuhlmacher (2002) revealed that negotiators who have specific, challenging, and conflicting goals consistently achieve higher profits than those with no goals. Consistent with goal-setting theory, the higher the goal, the higher the outcome. No effect was found for participation in setting goals. Contextual Conditions Seijts ; Latham (2000b) examined the applicability of goal-setting principles when personal goals are potentially incompatible with those of the group. They found that social dilemmas are boundary conditions for the usual positive effects of goal setting. Self-enhancing personal goals have a detrimental effect on a group’s performance. Audia et al. (2000) found that past success increased strategic decision makers’ satisfaction, and satisfaction led them to increase their past strategies. Higher satisfaction was associated with higher self-efficacy and higher performance goals that increased dysfunctional persistence subsequent to a radical change in the environment. Implementation Intentions and Auto-Motive Goals Gollwitzer (1999) found that goal intentions that are accompanied by implementation intentions on tasks that are complex for people lead to a higher rate of goal attainment than do goal intentions only. An implementation intention is a mental link that is created between a specific future situation and the intended goal-directed response. Thus, it is subordinate to goal intention. Implementation intentions specify when, where, and how behavior is likely to lead to goal attainment. By forming implementation intentions, people strategically switch from conscious effortful control of their goal-directed behavior to being automatically controlled by situational cues. Bargh ; Ferguson (2000) summarized research findings that show that automatic or nonconscious goals produce the same outcomes as conscious goal pursuit in information processing, memory storage, social behavior, and task performance, as well as in self efficacy, self evaluation, and mood state. Feedback Ashford et al. (2003) stated that the processing of feedback likely involves monitoring the environment in an automatic preconscious fashion through visual, auditory, and relational cues. In their enumerative review, Ashford ; Black (1996) also suggested three primary motives for feedback seeking: instrumental to attain a goal and perform well, ego-based to defend or enhance one’s ego, and image-based to protect or enhance the impression others have of oneself. Self-Regulation Goal setting and feedback seeking in relation to goals are the core of self-regulation (Latham ; Locke 1991). Self-regulatory processes supporting goal implementation were examined by Gollwitzer ; Bayer (1999). They offered a time perspective on goal striving and self-regulatory processes as mediating the effects of intentions on behavior. The latter consists of four phases: predecisional (choosing among competing wishes, based on expected value); preactional (forming implementation intentions in the service of the goal intention); actional (bringing goal direct actions to a successful end); and postactional (evaluation as to whether further action is necessary) Expectancy Theory After reviewing the literature, Ambrose ; Kulik (1999) concluded that little or no advances have been made in expectancy theory research in the past decade. Ambrose ; Kulik concluded that there are few theoretical or applied reasons for additional research on the application of this theory to organizational behavior Social Cognitive Theory SCT research shows empirically that the effect of environmental antecedents and consequences are mediated by cognitive variables. SCT emphasizes dual control systems in the self-regulation of motivation, namely a proactive discrepancy production system that works in concert with a reactive discrepancy reduction system (Bandura 2001). Thus, people are motivated by the foresight of goals, not just the hindsight of shortfalls. A specific high goal creates negative discrepancies to be mastered. Effort and resources are mobilized based on anticipatory estimates of what is necessary for goal attainment. AFFECT/EMOTION Mowday ; Sutton (1993) argued against an overemphasis on cognition in the study of motivation. This is because moods and emotions influence the attainment of complex long-term goals (Lord ; Kanfer 2002) and are interrelated with the other constructs we have discussed. Erez ; Isen (2002) showed that people with higher levels of positive affect exhibited higher levels of persistence, effort, self-reported motivation, and performance on two different tasks. Positive affect was associated with higher levels of valence and expectancy beliefs at these tasks as well as higher levels of instrumentality beliefs at one of them. Organizational Justice A significant body of research on work motivation that has appeared since Korman et al. ’s 1977 review is conceptualizations of organizational justice (Greenberg 1987). These studies, based on sociolegal research of disputants’ reactions to a conflict resolution, supplement Adam’s equity theory, the fundamental idea of which is that individuals develop beliefs about the inputs they provide in their employment relationship as well as about the outcomes they receive in return, and they form attitudes about the ratio between inputs and outcomes in relation to the corresponding ratios they perceive among comparison others. The premise of organizational justice is that fair procedures enhance employee acceptance of organizational outcomes. second premise, namely that in addition to being fair, leaders must be perceived as fair with regard to outcomes and processes that serve an important psychological need (Greenberg 1990). CONCLUSIONS First, three theories dominate the motivation literature: goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice. Second, whereas theory and research in the third quarter of the twentieth century focused almost exclusively on cognition (Latham ; Budworth 2004), this is no longer true. Third, the ability to predict, understand, and influence motivation in the workplace has increased significantly as a result of the attention that has been given to all rather than only a few aspects of an employee’s motivation. Fourth, whereas the dependent variables historically studied were limited to traditional measures of job performance and satisfaction, today’s dependent variables range from citizenship to counterproductive behavior. Fifth, Cronbach’s (1957) plea a half century ago for experimental and correlational psychology to combine forces has been heeded. Sixth, the importance of context to motivation has been recognized much more in recent years than in the past; so much so that an additional chapter could be devoted to it. Seventh, these advances in the study of motivation may reflect the fact that this subject is no longer restricted to the research findings of North Americans. Eighth, behavioral scientists in the latter half of the twentieth century responded positively to William James’ exhortation to systematically study consciousness. Ninth, the antagonisms among theorists that existed throughout much of the twentieth century have either disappeared or have been minimized. Tenth, the nomological nets related to work motivation constructs are thicker and tighter than ever before, but the size of the aggregate net (metaphorically speaking) is not growing at a rate commensurate with the energy that scholars and practitioners have invested since 1977. Accordingly, Steers (2001) recently recognized the limitations of current theory and research in work motivation, and issued a call for groundbreaking papers for publication in a special edition of the Academy of Management Review in 2004. It is too soon to assess whether any of the papers published in response to his call will How to cite Work Motivation, Essay examples

Service Of Hospitality Industry In Australia-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Service Of Hospitality Industry In Australia? Answer: Introducation Providing top customer service that can satisfy a consumer should be done by the hospitality industries in order to maximize their sales and profit in the long run. However, the first impression of the hotel industry is a big factor for the customers as based on it the customer loyalty is developed. Pine trees lodge focuses on the personal presentation and greeting process in order to make a good impression in their customer's mind. The resources are presentable and they greet their guest with pride and a feeling of warmth. Positive customer service provided by the hotel include lending an attentive ear to the requirements of the customer, keep the promise, give quality service and take necessary actions to solve the problem of the guest. However, the workers of the Pinetress Lodge listen to their customers empathetically and give their concern towards the need and demand of the guest who comes to their organization (Pinetrees.com.au, 2017). Lack of personal touch, poor quality service, no scope for social media activity and poor availability of the staffs during the customers needs negatively influence the customer service in the hospitality industry (Tar et al., 2017). In the context of Pinetrees lodge, the staffs try to make them available to their guest in order to fulfill their demand. Therefore, they offer social media activity in their organization which gives refreshment to the customer. The hospitality industries should be offered product according to their customer needs that will maximize their business. In the context of Pinetrees lodge, they offer the seasonal discount to their guest that influences them towards such organization. Therefore, they arrange their food items based not only based on the foreign customers but also according to the local customers, which fulfill the needs of both local and foreign customers. Pine trees lodge is situated in a charming environment of Australia, which is full of vegetation. However, the internal environment of the organization is also good as the employees work collaboratively and the communication between the customer and the employees is good, which is helpful to meet the customer needs. Therefore, the organization includes cultural events to give pleasure and refreshment to their guest. The staffs are well presented and highly professional. They are responsible towards their guests while they need them regarding any issues in the service. They provide 24 hours service to their guest. This organization ensures the availability of the service to their guest that is a prime area of the hospitality industry. Pinetress lodge is the affordable resort in Australia thus people from different regions and classes can access their service. Good quality product with reasonable price is one of the main objectives of Pintrees lodge. Offering quality product to their c ustomers is their motto, which enhances their sales revenue as well as customer retention. Apart from this document presentation is another important area of hospitality sectors. Hence, Pintrees presents their documents properly and their policies are used to make transparency between the customers and the organization (Pinetrees.com.au, 2017). Policies and procedures for implementing the customer service standards Honored with many awards at its disposal Pinetrees is popular for its lip smacking food, customizable service, soothing spa treatments along with spectacular beach view location. Located in the Lord Howe Lagoon the hotels have to offer something to all the guests. It has arrangements for world-class diving, snorkeling, fishing, walking, surfing, kayaking and golf to name a few. Some of the policies of customer care which can be implemented for better service in the future are as follows: Professional and certified divers for teaching and taking the guest for a snorkeling ride. Most people come to the hotel in search of adventure and the hotel already has a lot of opportunities for the adrenaline rush that the guests are looking for. But it is also the duty and responsibility of the hotel to keep a tight check on the safety measures of the guest. For this reason it is a good idea to only appoint certified and experienced people to look after the guest when they opt for these adventure sports. The prime objective of the hotel is to present the guests with one of a life time experience and that will only be possible if the staff is skilled and properly trained. In case there is one mishap in the organization it will be of a great risk to the goodwill of the institution that has been gathered over the years. The guests who check in to the hotel want to rejuvenate and have a good vacation. To elevate the experience along with the adventure sports, yoga classes can also be held by professional yoga teachers on the beach. This will help the guests to imbibe the freshness of the environment and also detoxify their system with energy. The hotel offers luxury Garden Cottages for families, tasteful and stylish en-suite rooms. Accommodation of the hotel also includes 3 and 4 bedroom family cottages. As most of the times the guests come with their families the room service should be at least twice a day the second service should be a quick check as to what the guests require. Another service that can be added to special rooms is the personalized spa service at the cottages or villas. Many hotels now a day are offering this facility. This is advantageous for the gusts as they can relax in their own space with the luxury of spa treatments by the skilled professionals. To give the guests a warm and charming experience the restaurant can be set up in the private space of the where the guests are put up or by the beach if they please. This customizable restaurant place will give the guests a private and cozy feeling. As food and wine is one of the most talked about features of the hotel this added advantage will take the customer service to a new level. The hotel already arranges for picnics and BBQs this service will make an impression among the tourists of an outstanding experience with their stay at the hotel. To uplift the stand of the services provided to the customers the hotel can organize periodical training and feedback sessions from the employees to understand their requirements as well. Because of the employees are content with their work and the work environment then only the end customers will be entirely satisfies with the services the hotel has to offer. The meetings should have set agendas to motivate, inspire, train and develop the skills of the employees. Attention should also be paid for after sales service. It sounds like electronic industry idea but it is also applicable for the hospitality sector as well. After checking out the customers should have a longing essence of the hotel service and the time they have enjoyed. After sales service can be arrangement of stay for the guests in their next preferred location. The hotel can arrange for the transportation to the nearest location of the guests. Pack complementary snacks for the next trip etc. Customer service standards and expectations Pinetrees are known as the best affordable option the tourists who are visiting Australia. The hotel offers a lot of faculties to its customers. The media as also raved about the hotel a few times. But it is important to be consistent and also it is important to innovate and develop according to the changing taste and preferences of the guests. The customer base of an organization is loyal when the customer service is spot on. In the hotel business it is important for the organization to keep the interest of the customers first and then think about the profitability and sales. The guest who will check in to the Pintrees will have the expectations to receive the best hospitality service at a much reasonable price. And it is up to the management to offer what they advertise this is the only way to retain customer base and to create customer advocate which is further going to increase sales and profitability of the organization. Potential customers are also converted by providing proper customer care service. The standard of services should have the quality of relevance, suitability and precision. Timeliness or relevance is one of the key factors, for example if the guests are asking for a spa treatment then it should be arranged before the promised time. One of the best ways to elevate the performance of the service is gathering information and coming to a conclusion where changes are required to be made. In order to gather information the organization can talk to the employees, existing customers, potential customers, competitors and the management o the organization. Depending on the scale of operation for an organization the targets should be set. Especially in a hotel business the standards should be kept in such a way that it is able to be met by the management. No false advertising will help the image of the organization if the service is not up to the mark. Policies and procedures for monitoring the customer service satisfaction It is important to set standard for the services that an organization has to offer to its customers but it is also imperative for the organization to keep a check and monitor the proceedings. Monitoring the customer satisfaction is essential to evaluate the development and capability of the hotel. This also helps in the policy making process in the future for the management of the hotel. It is easy to have a structure but it is equally challenging to implement and plan according to the structure. Feedback form the customers are very important for the smooth working of the hospitality sector. It is important for the management to understand what a customer expects from the organization. There are various ways to collect data in this case. One on one discussion with the guests is one of the easiest ways of communicating with the customers. Here the management gets a firsthand insight about what are the types of facilitates the customers are looking for and what are their grievances regarding the current services. Survey forms are also another way to gather information about the customers and the way they feel about the services that are being provided. Many times it is seen that customers have given valuable and insightful ideas of change or betterment of the service. Another way is to monitor customer service is to gather information from the employees itself. The employees are the ones who are in direct contact with the customers all the time. Hence they can give a better brief about the scope of improvement and understand the behavioral pattern of the consumers. The employees who are in direct contact with the customers have an clear idea about what the customers are looking for and what is the demand for a particular. Conclusion Customer satisfaction is the prime objective of any hotel business. The hotel business is very customer centric and focuses more on what the consumer wants than what the business has to offer. In this case Pintrees offer a plethora of refreshment and rejuvenation options along with divine cuisine and picturesque location. The customer care service of the hotel is also good but there are several scope of betterment and development of the policies and services of the hotel. The brand has placed itself where the location of the hotel enables the customers to enjoy scenic beauty along with great hospitality at reasonable rates. Over the few years of its establishment the organization has garnered a lot of appreciations in form of awards as well. Customer Care for the institution can be taken to a different level with the implementation of some of the few arrangements. References Pinetrees.com.au. 2017.Pinetrees. Retrieved 12 August 2017, from https://www.pinetrees.com.au/ Tar, J. J., Pereira-Moliner, J., Pertusa-Ortega, E. M., Lpez-Gamero, M. D., Molina-Azorn, J. F. 2017. Does quality management improve performance or vice versa? Evidence from the hotel industry.Service Business,11(1), 23-43.